In yesterday’s post I wrote that the Italian painter Tranquillo Cremona (1837-1878) was killed by his favourite white, the basic carbonate of lead, which could cause saturnism, the ancient name of lead poisoning, a name deriving from “Saturn”, the Roman god associated with this metal by the alchemists.
Tranquillo Cremona died of lead poisoning at the age of 41
White lead, a warm white, with a very thin, almost velvety grain size, was the principal white pigment of classical European oil painting.
It was then supplanted in artistic use by titanium white, not only because it has much higher tinting strength than white lead, or because under the action of hydrogen sulphide white lead blackens, altering the colours but also because of commercial restrictions, due to its toxicity, which made white lead difficult for artists to obtain in sufficient quantities.
It was produced as early as the 4th century BC in a process described by Pliny the Elder, Vitruvius and the ancient Greek author Theophrastus.
According to the ancient recipe, strips of metallic lead were placed in porous earthenware pots, containing vinegar. These jars were stacked and covered with fermenting manure which produced heat and carbon dioxide.
After some time , the acetic acid reacted with the surface lead to form a crust of white lead on the sheets, which was separated, washed, and ground to obtain the pigment.
This was an extremely dangerous process since white lead is a poisonous compound if inhaled or ingested.
Medieval texts already warned of the danger of “apoplexy, epilepsy and paralysis” from working with lead white.
Lead paint is really dangerous. It can cause nervous system damage, growth retardation, kidney damage. It is very hazardous for children because it has a sweet taste, so this encourages them to put lead coloured toys in their mouth. Lead paint can also cause reproductive problems, and is also considered a probable carcinogen.
On 19 November 1921 the White Lead (Painting) Convention adopted by the General Conference of the International Labour Organisation, prohibited the use of white lead in paint-
This convention was ratified on different dates by the various states that signed it. Italy did it in October 1952.
As of 2017 many leading nations, including the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Japan, China and India still did not ratify it.
FINAL NOTE
Ceruse (a mix of lead white, water and vinegar) was a cosmetic used as a skin whitener and it very popular in the 16th and 17th centuries, loved for its opacity and smooth, satin texture obtained with dryable oils.
However, the use of white lead dates back to ancient Egypt, where it was employed as a foundation; in ancient theatre white lead was one of the most common stage make-ups.
In Puccini‘s Manon Lescaut there is a reference to the “cerussa”
To be continued
Nel post di ieri ho scritto che il pittore italiano Tranquillo Cremona (1837- 1878) fu ucciso dal suo bianco preferito. il carbonato basico di piombo, che poteva causare saturnismo, l’antico nome dato all’avvelenamento da piombo, un nome derivante da “Saturno”, il dio romano associato a questo metallo dagli alchimisti.
Tranquillo Cremona morì avvelenato dal piombo a soli 41 anni
La biacca, un bel bianco caldo, con una grana molto sottile, quasi vellutata, era il principale pigmento bianco della pittura a olio classica europea-
Fu poi soppiantato nell’uso artistico dal bianco di titanio, non solo perché ha una forza colorante molto più elevata della biacca o perché sotto l’azione dell’idrogeno solforato la biacca annerisce alterando i colori, ma soprattutto a causa delle restrizioni commerciali, dovute alla sua tossicità, che rendevano difficile per gli artisti ottenere la biacca in quantità sufficienti.
Il bianco di piombo veniva prodotto già nel IV secolo a.C.i n un processo descritto da Plinio il Vecchio, Vitruvio e dall’antico autore greco Teofrasto.
Secondo l’antica ricetta, delle lamine di piombo venivano poste in vasi di terracotta porosa, contenenti aceto. I vasi venivano sovrapposti e coperti da letame in fermentazione che produceva calore e anidride carbonica.
Dopo qualche tempo, l’acido acetico reagiva con il piombo superficiale formando una crosta di piombo bianco sulle lamine, che veniva separata, lavata e macinata per ottenere il il pigmento
Questo era un processo estremamente pericoloso poiché il bianco di piombo è un composto velenoso se inalato o ingerito
I testi medievali mettevano già in guardia dal pericolo di “apoplessia, epilessia e paralisi“. La vernice al piombo è molto pericolosa. Può causare danni al sistema nervoso, ritardi nella crescita, danni ai reni . È molto nociva per i bambini perché. avendo un sapore dolce, li incoraggia a mettere in bocca giocattoli colorati al piombo. La vernice al piombo può causare anche problemi riproduttivi ed è anche considerata un probabile cancerogeno.
Il 19 novembre 1921 , a seguito dell’intervento dell’Organizzazione internazionale del lavoro, parecchi stati stipularono la Convenzione sulla Biacca (White Lead Painting) che ne vieta definitivamente l’utilizzo-
Questa convenzione fu ratificata in date diverse dai vari stati che la sottoscrissero . L’Italia lo fece nell’ottobre 1952.
Ancora nel 2017 molte nazioni leader a livello mondiale, inclusi Stati Uniti, Regno Unito, Germania, Giappone, Cina e India, non l’avevano ratificata.
NOTA FINALE
La Cerussa (un mix di bianco di piombo, acqua e aceto) era un cosmetico usato come sbiancante per la pelle molto in voga nel XVI – XVII secolo, amato per la sua opacità e la texture liscia e satinata ottenuta con oli essiccabili.
Tuttavia l’uso della biacca risale addirittura all’antico Egitto, dove veniva impiegata come fondotinta; nel teatro antico la biacca era uno dei trucchi di scena più comuni.
Nell’opera Manon Lescaut di Puccini c’è un riferimento alla “cerussa”
Continua
Fantastic and very interesting post on the white lead, dear Luisa. Excellent presentation and very well researched and written. It’s always a joy and delight to read your highly interesting and informative articles. ♥️♥️♥️♥️♥️♥️♥️🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹🌹😊😊😊😊. Love them so much and you as well. 😊😊♥️♥️
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I am very pleased that you thought so, dear Aparna, and that you enjoyed this! As ever, thank you very much for your continued support and encouragement!! 🙂 ❤️🥰
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[…] White Lead – Ceruse (1) […]
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I am very pleased that you liked and reblogged this post 🙏💐🙏
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Very interesting history Luisa. One has to wonder why so many countries still have not ratified the convention. Thanks for all your research. Happy Tuesday. Allan
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It is a question that I have also asked myself. Maybe because economic interests are more important than health?🤔🤔🤔
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The last paragraph answered mjy question about whether white lead was used as a cosmetic. It is a wonder our ancestors survived as well as they did. Fascinating post.
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It is almost useless for me to tell you, dear Pat, because in the end you already know (obviously😉) , that I am already doing research to write some posts on the white face of Queen Elizabeth I … her “youth mask” 💕💕💕
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She was exactly who I was thinking about. 😉 Two great minds….. Another fascinating person.
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.Lots of love, my dear Patty over the ocean 💙🎶
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Luisa ! You have raised a very pertinent question that how white lead paints are dangerous for the human health . It may cause skin disease . It may cause apoplexy . It may cause epilepsy . It may cause paralysis . And it may cause cancer even . And a painter like Tranquillo Cremona’s death was due to Saturnism or lead poisoning . As per WHO reports only 73 countries in the world have put ban on lead paints as such . And India is not among those . It is a sad thing that my own country has not put a ban on such a dangerous substance as such . In good olden days when people were not having much information about its bad effects on human health , it was used for painting as such . But in modern days when we sufficient information and knowledge regarding such a poisonous substance for human beings , it should be banned throughout the world without late . Thanks !
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I also think it should be banned, and I confess that, having not researched whether this has happened since the last date I mentioned, which is the year 2017, I sincerely hope that in the meantime the nations have decided to protect the health of citizens and not only the economic interests of some industrial categories
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Thanks for your sublime ideas !
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You’re more than welcome 🙏🙏🙏
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Non conoscevo questa storia, quindi grazie per avermi portato qualcosa di nuovo.
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Grazie Lu: quando mi si dice che quello che scrivo è stato letto con piacere e interesse, trovo la spinta a proseguire
Un caro abbraccio 💕💕💕
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Un post dal contenuto molto molto interessante. Scoprire la storia che si cela dietro ad un determinato colore mi sarebbe piaciuta poterla ascoltare anche durante le ore d’educazione artistica alle medie, oltre alle varie spiegazioni sui vari stili artistici. Ammetto che tra la l’imparare dal libro di testo e la pratica nel dover disegnare, ad esempio, un paesaggio, ho sempre preferito la prima. Sono una vera frana in disegno, al contrario di mio padre che invece disegna benissimo. Se mi si chiede di disegnare una persona il disegno è più o meno simile a quello di un bambino dell’asilo, con la sola differenza che i bambini dell’asilo disegnano molto meglio di me, 😄😄.
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Ele cara, neppure io so disegnare.
Mio padre, da giovane, disegnava benissimo e aveva anche affrescato case e cappelle. Non ne ha mai voluto parlare perché è successo qualcosa, probabilmente un prete non ha apprezzato un nudo della creazione, e questo l’ha bloccato e gli ha fatto posare i pennelli per sempre🎨🖌️🎨
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È davvero un peccato che tuo padre abbia dovuto abbandonare il suo talento artistico, 😔. Il pregiudizio che un nudo in un quadro debba essere definito come qualcosa di “volgare”, purtroppo fa capire che la vista di alcune persone è molto limitata e si va a concentrare solo su quel dettaglio invece di guardare il quadro nel suo complesso. L’arte è bella a 360º, in qualunque sua forma e merita che tutti la possano apprezzare senza pregiudizi nè chiusure mentali.
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Grazie di cuore per questo prezioso commento🙏💙🙏💙🙏
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Di nulla, 😊. 💖😘💖😘
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And still lead paint is used today. I knew it was unhealthy but this filled in a lot of my gaps in knowledge.
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Thanks a lot, Maggie, for your appreciation!
Have a lovely week 🙏🙏🙏
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Me, too. Didn’t know it tasted sweet! 😱
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🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏
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Davvero tutto mokto interessante questo p8st, non conosc3vo affatto i componenti che si c’eravamo e ancora si potrebbero nascondere dietro a questo folire. Riesci sempre a incuriosirm8 e a incrementare le mie conoscenze con i tuoi articoli, grazie infinite 🥀🥀🥀 Buon pomeriggio carissima amica 😘
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Quando mi dici che sono riuscita a incuriosirti e interessati, ma fai un graditissimo dono🙏🙏🙏
Buon pomeriggio e un forte abbraccio 🥰
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È la verità 3 ci riesci spessime volte 🥀🥀🥀
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Thank you, Luisa, for the horror details of the paint that kills but reads with interest.
Joanna
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Thank you, Joanna, for your kind comments! As always, greatly appreciated!
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Wow. I really hadn’t thought that much about lead paint before. I had no idea that it tasted sweet! Goodness as a mother that would terrify me. I can’t imagine.
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In Italy, when my children were small, I knew its toxicity and tried to buy toys that claimed not to contain lead paints,🙏
However there are so many threats to our health that, if we thought about them, we would have to take refuge under what here we call a glass bell.
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Soooo true Luisa! It’s hard but all we can do is our best with the knowledge we’re given
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Thanks a lot for the wise reply 💙💐💙
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Anytime!!
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🙏💙🙏
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Reblogged this on Ed;s Site..
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Thanks a lot for your kindness 💙
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This painter knew the risks and chose ignore them. Marie Curie worked with radioactive materials and knew nothing about the radiation disease. That was tragical.
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I agree with you as for Marie Curie, but I doubt that Tranquillo Cremona was fully aware of the risks he was running
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In the 70’s my father was running some paint business and there were plenty of professional painters asking him about this paint. He happened to have some overstock and it sold out in short time, despite it being considered unhealthy and contraband.
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I can believe it, Shaharee,
I think its aesthetic effect was really outstanding. Thanks for this valuable addition💗💗💗
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Il quadro è molto bello e ciò che scrivi è interessante e ci fa comprendere quanto l’umanità ha dovuto imparare a proprie spese, per tentativi ed errori. Oggi la Scienza aiuta a comprendere ciò che è nocivo e mortale per gli uomini, ma la strada è ancora irta perchè siamo attorniati da componenti chimici e alimentari di dubbia salubrità e stare attenti è un obbligo.
La nota finale…ricordo che ci fu un momento che molte donne col passaparola facevano il peeling al viso con l’aiax in polvere, poi dichiarato cancerogeno.
A presto,
Marirò
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Con l’ajax in polvere? Questa non la sapevo,,,
Grazie e buona serata, Marirò 💙💐💙
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Never knew about this, thank you for sharing it with us dear Luisa. ❤️
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Really happy to know you liked this post 💐
Thanks a lot, Daphny
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You’re most welcome, Luisa! 💗
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Its use as a cosmetic ~ so widespread and long lasting, coming even to the New World ~ might help explain western history’s routine castigation of women as unreasonable beings.
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Great reflection, Ana.🙏🙏🙏
Thanks a lot
I will talk about its use as a cosmetic in relation to Queen Elizabeth I, too
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They scraped about a pound of makeup from her face at death, you know.
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👍 Thank you again!!!🙏
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😘
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Grazie per questo post!
purtroppo il piombo è stato protagonista per anni nella nostra società, basti pensare ai tubi che trasportavano l’acqua nelle case 😦
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Hai ragione! Grazie per averne fatto cenno 🙏🤗🙏
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Purtroppo…tutt’ora vedo ancora qualche deposito d’acqua.
Sapevo di queste tossicità, essendo mio marito un amante della pittura.
Un pezzo di storia molto interessante❤️🙏
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Grazie ancora, Caterina cara, e buona giornata 💗
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Ancora oggi capitano sequestri di merce proveniente specialmente dalla Cina, avente elevate percentuali di tossicità. Ed il piombo ne è principale causa.
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Purtroppo…. e quanta merce riesce ad arrivare evitando i controlli???
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Tonnellate
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Veramente molto interessante Grazie Luisa , un abbraccio
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Un grazie di cuore a te per questo messaggio, Contraccambio l’abbraccio con tanto tanto affetto 🤗💕🤗💕🤗
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I was fascinated by your description of the ancients’ process of making white lead. How did they figure that out? It’s not like they could read a recipe anywhere. They were the inventors. Obviously, they were brilliant people!
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I don’t know how they came to “invent ” it. I can only tell you that it was being produced during the 4th century BC using that method, which was called the stack process.
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molto interessante è questa nota sulla biacca e sulla sua tossicità, come tutti i colori a base di piombo.
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Grazie di cuore, Gian
Buona serata 🌹🌹🌹
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serena serata
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[…] the end of the post “White Lead & Ceruse” I wrote that in Puccini’s Manon Lescaut there is a reference to the […]
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