Lady Hamilton & Horatia in Prison (part 57)

When things became desperate, Emma voluntarily submitted to “Living within the Rules” in an area of South London controlled by King’s Bench Prison, reserved specifically for debtors. Emma and Horatia were not inside the prison, locked in a cell, but lived in nearby rooms at 12, Temple Place, where they spent ten long months.

“Living by the Rules” was as system whereby affluent inmates could enjoy a system of liberties, known as Rules which allowed them to reside in an area approximately three square miles around the prison. All they had to do was pay a fee to the Marshal. Those who had less money could buy that freedom even for just one day.

Like other prisons of the time, the King’s Bench Prison had facilities that made it comfortable enough for prisoners who were able to pay, and some opportunist prisoners took advantage of the debt laws by moving into the prison, where they could live comfortably, in order to escape their creditors.

The yard had butchers’ stands, chandlers’ shops, a surgery, a coffee house, two pubs, where one could drink beer and ale, an important service for prisoners. So important that in 1771 they even destroyed over 50 barrels of beer, claiming that it had been watered down.
Sometimes the yard housed an open-air market.

Inmates were responsible for finding their own bedding, food and drink, and since many prisoners carried on their normal trades inside the jails, some provided catering or laundry services, or ran the sporting facilities.
At that time, prisons looked like profit-making enterprises.
At ten in the evening the ringing of the institutional bell was the signal for all visitors to leave because the gates were going to be locked for the night.

The poorest debtors, those who could not pay, lived in appalling conditions, with whole families cramped into tiny, overcrowded, cold and damp cells.To survive, they had to beg from passers-by or rely on the charity of their fellows.

Describing another similar prison, Fleet Prison, Dickens wrote that there was a sort of iron cage or a grille in the outer wall, so that prisoners might beg alms from passers-by, rattling a money box, and exclaiming in a mournful voice, “Pray, remember the poor debtors.”

The place where Emma and Horatia were confined was well known for the laxity of its rules.
When Lord Chief Justice Ellenborough was asked for an extension of the Rules, he gravely replied that he could not see the reason, since they apparently extended as far as the East Indies.

The most famous inmate of King’s Bench Prison at that time was Lord Cochrane. He was a noble hero, one of the best known seamen of the time, arrested because involved in the notorious stock exchange fraud of 1814: he had speculated on the stock market after spreading the false news of Napoleon’s death.
On a day between 5 and 10 March 1815, he decided to escape and, as he recalled, he took a rope and climbed from one wall to the other, but fell to the ground and lost consciousness. He recovered after a certain number of hours, before sunrise, and managed to break free without anyone noticing.
There are two versions of the discovery of his disappearance. According to one, a committee of MPs decided to conduct an inspection of the prison, but failed to find him.
The second is revealed in a letter sent by prison marshal William Jones, on 21 March, to the Speaker of the House of Commons reading:
“Sir;—I beg leave to inform you, that having received information that lord Cochrane (who had made his escape out of my custody out of the King’s-bench prison) was in the House of Commons, between two and three o’clock this day, I thought it my duty to take him into my custody, and to convey him back to the King’s-bench prison. I shall be obliged to you to inform the honourable the House of Commons of what I have done, and that I am in waiting to receive the commands of the House upon this occasion. I humbly hope that I have not committed any breach of privilege by the steps I have taken; and that, if I have done wrong, it will be attributed to an error in judgment, and not to any intention of doing any thing that might give offence.—I have the honour to be, with the utmost respect, Sir, &c.”

Another strange fact that happened in the same year and in the same prison concerns a certain Mr. Ledwell. He had been discharged from his debts and was free to go home, but having realized that life was not so bad there, and that he could get lots of charity and various alms, he decided to continue to live in prison.

to be continued

Quando le cose divennero disperate, Emma si sottomise volontariamente a “Living within the Rules” in un’area a sud di London controllata dalla King’s Bench Prison, riservata ai debitori.
Emma e Horatia non erano rinchiuse in una cella all’interno della prigione, ma vivevano nelle vicinanze, al numero 12 di Temple Place, dove trascorsero dieci lunghi mesi.

“Vivere secondo le regole” era un sistema in base al quale i detenuti più benestanti potevano acquistare la libertà delle regole, che permetteva loro di risiedere in un’area di circa tre miglia quadrate intorno alla prigione. Tutto quello che dovevano fare era pagare un compenso al guardiano. Chi aveva meno denaro poteva acquistare quella libertà anche solo per una giornata.

Come altre prigioni dell’epoca, anche questa aveva strutture che la rendevano abbastanza confortevole per i prigionieri che erano in grado di pagare, al punto che alcuni dei più calcolatori sfruttavano le leggi sul debito per sfuggire ai creditori trasferendosi nella prigione, dove potevano vivere tranquillamente.

Nel cortile si trovavano delle botteghe di macellai e droghieri, un ambulatorio, un caffè, uno o due pub, dove si poteva bere birra, un servizio di vitale importanza per i prigionieri che nel 1771 arrivarono persino a distruggere oltre 50 barili di birra affermando che era stata annacquata. A volte il cortile ospitava a un mercato all’aperto.
I detenuti dovevano pensare a procurarsi la biancheria da letto, cibo e bevande e siccome molti prigionieri svolgevano i loro normali mestieri all’interno del carcere, alcuni fornivano i servizi di ristorazione o lavanderia, o gestivano gli impianti sportivi. A quel tempo, le carceri sembravano imprese a scopo di lucro.

Alle dieci di sera il suono della campanella era il segnale per l’uscita di tutti i visitatori perché i cancelli sarebbero stati chiusi per la notte.

I debitori più poveri, quelli che non potevano pagare, vivevano in condizioni spaventose, con intere famiglie stipate in minuscole celle sovraffollate, fredde e umide. Per sopravvivere dovevano chiedere l’elemosina ai passanti o affidarsi alla carità dei loro compagni.

Descrivendo non questa, ma Fleet Prison, Dickens disse che c’era una specie di gabbia o grata di ferro nel muro esterno in modo che i detenuti potessero chiedere l’elemosina ai passanti, facendo tintinnare una scatola ed esclamando con voce lugubre , “Vi prego, ricordate i poveri debitori. “

Quando al Capo della Giustizia Lord Ellenborough fu richiesta un’estensione delle “Libertà dalle Regole”, rispose gravemente che non poteva davvero vederne il motivo poiché, per quanto ne sapeva lui, si estendevano già fino alle Indie Orientali.

Il detenuto più famoso della King’s Bench in quel periodo fu Lord Cochrane. Era un nobile, arrestato sotto l’accusa di aggiotaggio: aveva infatti speculato in Borsa dopo aver diffuso la falsa notizia della morte di Napoleone.

Un giorno tra il 5 e il 10 marzo 1815 decise di evadere e, come descrisse lui stesso, prese una corda e si arrampicò da un muro all’altro, però cadde al suolo e perse i sensi. Si riprese dopo un certo numero di ore, prima del sorgere del sole, e riuscì a fuggire senza che nessuno se ne accorgesse.
Ci sono due versioni sulla scoperta della fuga. Secondo la prima un comitato di parlamentari decise di condurre un’ispezione della prigione, ma non lo trovò.
La seconda è invece una lettere inviata dal guardiano del carcere William Jones, un paio di settimane dopo la fuga (21 marzo) allo speaker della camera dei Comuni in cui si legge:
“Signore; – mi permetto di informarla, che avendo ricevuto informazioni che Lord Cochrane (che era fuggito dalla mia custodia fuori dalla prigione di King’s-bench) era alla Camera dei Comuni, tra le due e le tre di oggi, ho ritenuto mio dovere prenderlo in mia custodia e riportarlo alla prigione di King’s-bench. Vorrei informare l’onorevole Camera dei Comuni di ciò che ho fatto, e che resto in attesa di ricevere gli ordini della Camera a tal proposito. Spero umilmente di non aver commesso alcuna violazione del privilegio con i passi che ho intrapreso e che, se ho sbagliato, sarà solo da attribuire a un errore in giudizio, e non all’intenzione di fare qualcosa che possa recare offesa. Ho l’onore di essere, con il massimo rispetto, signore, ecc.”

Un altro fatto strano accaduto nello stesso anno e nello stesso carcere riguarda un tale di nome Ledwell: assolto dai suoi debiti, sarebbe potuto tornare a casa, ma essendosi accorto che la vita lì non era poi così male e che poteva ricevere la carità e varie elemosine, decise di continuare a vivere in quella prigione.

continua

Image: King’s Bench Prison in London – engraving published as Plate 9 of Microcosm of London (1809)

71 thoughts on “Lady Hamilton & Horatia in Prison (part 57)

  1. Luisa ! A wonderful institution . The King’s Bench Prison appeared to be the finest place to live in for the debtors in Britain . Emma with Horatia might be comfortable there after selling her dream house Merton and ‘Living within the Rules’ enjoying all the facilities by paying to the Marshal of the Prison . As per arrangement , she was living with Horatia in a room 12,Temple Place, within three KM radius of the Prison as per norms , cheating her creditors . Why Britain is unique and peculiar ? Simple answer to this question is due to its unique and peculiar institutions where Lords and laymen could live at one place— former comfortably and later miserable . Thanks !

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  2. I’ve read about the debtor’s prison a couple of times, but not so in detail as what you have described. Wonderful story. I guess this law is abolished now. I mean if not, everybody who has a mortgage, or who is behind on mortgage payment, can be thrown into prison…

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    1. No, nowadays people are no longer sent to prison for debts, at least in Italy, but those who owe little money are harassed much more than profiteers who have huge debts: sooner or later the political power forgives them 😢

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  3. They should reinvent the debtor’s prison for serial parasites who consistently refuse to pay their bills while living the high life. But not the hotel like debtor’s prison you described, but one where they have to pay for their stay with money earned at some site managed workplaces.

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  4. The mother’s and daughter’s story not going smooth , very miserable moments happening their life ,
    Old time , all rules and regulations nothing, misused their powers 👏👍🏻 part 57 very inspiring 😊
    Grace wishes dear friend 🌷🙏♥️🙏

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