RePost: “Pecunia Non Olet”

In 1824, the Legislature of Lower Canada enacted the first patent law in British North America and two hundred years ago, on 8 June 1824 in Quebec City, an inventor named Noah Cushing was the first Canadian to be awarded a patent for a “washing and fulling machine” to clean and strengthen cloth. Fulling is a finishing process for woolen fabrics which involves the elimination of oils (lanolin), dirt and other impurities and to make it shrink by friction and pressure. Therefore it becomes compact and in some cases waterproof.

That machine was described as” having two pendulums suspended from the uprights, at the extremity of each of which is a block – one is loaded for washing, the other is grooved, which pendulums are worked and set in motion by a handle which is affixed to two arms, which are attached to the pendulums”.

An early washing machine had already been invented in 1767 by Jacob Christian Schäffer, a German theologian who was also a professor, botanist, mycologist, entomologist, ornithologist , as well as inventor. In short, he was a sort of Jack-of-all-trades.

Thirty years later, in 1797, an American, Nathaniel Briggs obtained the first patent titled “Clothes Washing”. Since a massive fire in December 1836 obliterated many of the Patent Office records, no description of this device survives.

However, the first washing machines made laundry a less laborious undertaking but they still required manual operation via a crank handle. They generally involved pouring hot water into a tank, turning a lever to wash the clothes, wringing them between two rollers and draining the tank using a tap.

Washing linen by hand has always been a very laborious chore: washerwomen used to wash linen by boiling them in a pot, or going near springs, rivers, fountains or to wash-houses. These were covered area laid out to facilitate their work, and also played an important social role, because they became “talking houses” where women used to exchange local news and often sang as a means of lightening their daily tasks and passing the time.
They gradually disappeared as running water was introduced into homes.

In ancient Rome washing facilities were famous: there were public laundries, in which fermented human urine, with its high concentration of ammonia was used to bleach linen.

Roman emperor Vespasian is still famous for having imposed, in 70 A.D., a tax on the distribution of urine from public urinals in Rome’s Cloaca Maxima (great sewer) system.
When his son, Titus, complained to him about the disgusting nature of the tax, Vespasian held up a gold coin and asked him whether it smelt bad. When Titus replied it did not, his father replied, “Atqui ex lotio est” (“Yet it comes from urine” )

From this conversation the proverb “Pecunia non olet” (“Money does not stink”) was born.

Nel 1824, il Parlamento del Basso Canada promulgò la prima legge sui brevetti nel Nord America e duecento anni fa, l’8 giugno 1824, nella città di Québec, un inventore di nome Noah Cushing fu il primo canadese a ottenere un brevetto per una “macchina per lavare e follare”, che serviva a pulire e rinforzare i tessuti. La follatura è un processo di finissaggio dei tessuti di lana che consiste nel compattare il tessuto attraverso l’infeltrimento, per renderlo compatto e in alcuni casi impermeabile.

Questa macchina aveva “due pendoli sospesi ad aste verticali, all’estremità di ciascuno dei quali vi è un blocco caricato per il lavaggio e un altro scanalato, azionati e messi in movimento da una maniglia fissata a due bracci, che sono attaccati ai pendoli”.

Una prima macchina per lavare era già stata inventata nel 1767 da Jacob Christian Schäffer, un teologo tedesco che era anche professore, botanico, micologo, entomologo, ornitologo, oltre che inventore. In breve, era una sorta di tuttologo.

Trent’anni dopo, nel 1797, un americano, Nathaniel Briggs, ottenne il primo brevetto intitolato “Clothes Washing/Lavaggio dei vestiti”. Poiché nel dicembre 1836 un incendio devastante distrusse molti dei registri dell’Ufficio Brevetti, non sopravvive alcuna descrizione di questo dispositivo.

Tuttavia, le prime lavatrici rendevano il bucato un compito meno faticoso ma richiedevano ancora un’operazione manuale tramite una manovella. Generalmente consistevano nel versare acqua calda in un serbatoio, girare una leva per lavare i panni, strizzarli tra due rulli e svuotare il serbatoio tramite un rubinetto.

Lavare il bucato a mano è sempre stato un lavoro molto pesante: le lavandaie lavavano la biancheria bollendola in una pentola, oppure andando a sorgenti, fiumi, fontane o ai lavatoi. Questi erano aree coperte predisposte per facilitare il loro lavoro, e svolgevano anche un importante ruolo sociale, poiché diventavano “parlatori” dove le donne scambiavano notizie locali e spesso cantavano per alleggerire il peso delle faccende quotidiane e passare il tempo.
Gradualmente scomparvero man mano che nelle case venne introdotta l’acqua corrente.

Nell’antica Roma, erano famosi i lavatoi: esistevano lavanderie pubbliche, in cui l’urina umana fermentata, ad alta concentrazione di ammoniaca, veniva utilizzata per candeggiare la biancheria.

L’imperatore romano Vespasiano è ancora famoso per aver imposto, nel 70 d.C., una tassa sulla distribuzione dell’urina proveniente dagli orinatoi pubblici nel sistema della Cloaca Maxima (la grande fogna) di Roma.
Quando suo figlio, Tito, si lamentò con lui della natura disgustosa della tassa, Vespasiano sollevò una moneta d’oro e gli chiese se avesse un cattivo odore. Quando Tito rispose di no, suo padre replicò, “Atqui ex lotio est” (“Eppure viene dall’urina”).

Da questa conversazione nacque il proverbio “Pecunia non olet” (“Il denaro non puzza”).

Image: Paul Gauguin – 1888 – Washerwomen at Arles

66 thoughts on “RePost: “Pecunia Non Olet”

  1. Dear Luisa
    This brilliant novel “Dina’s Book” by Herbjørg Wassmo starts with an horrible accident washing the linen. It’s dramatically filmed in the film following well the book.
    Thanks for all this info.
    Have a brilliant weekend
    The Fab Four of Cley
    🙂 🙂 🙂 🙂

    Liked by 3 people

  2. Where would we be without all these early inventions to wash clothing and bring forward more efficient, less labour intensive solutions. So glad other solutions for bleach have been found since Roman times. We still have the urine tax to this day for taking away waste. Happy Saturday Luisa. Allan

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    1. Thank you very much for your fantastic reflections, dear Allan 🙏
      I found that you used a brilliant term when you called “urine tax” the one we pay to have waste taken away.
      Happy Saturday to you too

      Liked by 2 people

    1. Vero, la fatica di tanti lavori domestici è stata alleggerita dalle macchine…
      Ricordo ancora quando nella cantina/lavanderia di mia nonna vedevo mettere la cenere nei mastelli in cui erano in ammollo le lenzuola per pulirle più a fondo

      Liked by 3 people

  3. I can remember the washing via a scrub board and the pre drying via a crank that turned two rollers. That first patent awarded in Quebec City was awarded to some one whose name wasn’t French enough to live there.

    nteresting post, Louisa

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  4. Hand washing laundry is a very organic process, but it’s also a very physical process – a lot of work. And time. And more work, and more time. It’s tiring! Growing up in the 80s, we had no washing machine (but we were fortunate to have a washboard ) – everything was done by hand. I still remember how my mum set aside a full day and sometimes more just to do the laundry and all the family was involved in scrubbing, rinsing and hanging it up.

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  5. Fabulous and fascinating tale, Luisa. Laundry is much easier nowadays. Wish someone could invent a way to hang it up or fold it and then put it away. On the plus side, my husband is good about helping with the laundry. I have always preferred to do it in the morning. Sometimes he won’t start a load until late afternoon or early evening. 😞

    Liked by 1 person

  6. This makes me remember grandma by the lake, the big pot where the laundry was boiled and then how to rinse everything in the cold lake water. The sauna was the one that got running water first, so the laundry was taken care of there, it was easy to make a fire under the pot there. Then I remember the laundry room where my mother did laundry, we children often bathed in the large cement tubs. Strong women, no gym needed.

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      1. Non è un vizio, io lo trovo un grandissimo pregio, non mi stanco mai di imparare. I tuoi studenti sono stati davvero fortunati! 😍💗
        I miei insegnanti non sono stati tutti bravi, ma alla fine ne ho un buon ricordo, di alcuni in modo particolare 😄💗🙏🏻

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  7. Quando ero piccolo, i miei genitori per alcuni anni non potevano permettersi di acquistare una lavatrice, per cui mamma lavava i vestiti nel “mastello”. Sembra medioevo, si tratta di qualche decennio fa.

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  8. It was the best of inventions to alleviate the arduous and long-suffering work of women who washed clothes by hand. At least in South America there are many stories about it. That they were eaten by alligators or kidnapped by outlaws when they went alone to wash clothes in the river. A pleasure to read you Luisa.

    Liked by 1 person

  9. So interesting article about invention of washing machines 🌷🙏👍🏻 now present world enjoying nicely,
    have a great relaxation to wash clothes easily and we want to cherish the great invention people 🙏✌🏼
    Have a lovely weekend my lovely friend ✍️💗👏

    Liked by 1 person

  10. Luisa – another most excellent post. I did not know that Noah Cushing was involved in the evolution of the washing machine. I recall washing clothes with my mother when I was a child. Those rollers that squeezed the water out of the clothes were quite frightening so I stayed away from them. Many thanks for taking me back to Ancient Rome. I can only imagine the aroma coming from the wash houses.YIKES!!!

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  11. Very interesting, Luisa.

    The urine part is a bit odd, but it’s not the first time I heard of positive properties from urine.

    The lake here is so polluted now, washing dirty clothes in it would just make them dirtier.

    Thank you for this post!

    Liked by 2 people

    1. Many thanks to you for your kind reply, dear resa!
      What you say about your lake is also suitable for the Lambro river, which flows through my town. Once washerwomen washed their clothes and sheets in its water, but today it is too dirty

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